Doctorate

The doctorate is the highest academic degree in Germany. It varies according to the discipline in which the dissertation has its focus. The academic field is indicated by additions to the degree title, for example "Dr. phil." (mainly in the humanities and social sciences) or "Dr. rer. nat." (in the natural sciences).

Ph.D.

Alternatively, a candidate may be awarded the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)". The academic degree may only be used in the form in which it appears on the diploma. It is not permissible to use the degrees of "Ph.D." and "Dr." simultaneously for the same work. The doctorate is the highest academic degree regardless of the field in which it is awarded.